Pile
Design and Construction Guide
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
1.0 Piling
Project Planning 14
1.1 Piling Engineering Project Checklist
1.2 Soil Types
2.0 Pile
Types 20
2.1.1 Timber Pile Decay – Biological Agents
2.1.2 Preservation of Timber Piles
2.1.3 Timber Pile Installation
2.1.4 Allowable Working Stress for Timber Piles
2.2 Steel H – Piles
2.2.1 Splicing of H-Piles
2.3 Pipe Piles
2.3.1 Closed End Pipe Piles
2.3.2 Open End Pipe Piles
2.4 Precast Concrete Piles
2.4.1 Reinforced Concrete Piles
2.4.2 Precast Concrete Piles
2.4.3 Hollow Tubular Section Concrete Piles
2.4.4 Driven Cast-in-place Concrete Piles
2.5 Casing Removal Type
2.5.1 Frankie Piles
2.5.2 Delta Piles
2.5.3 Vibrex Piles
2.5.4 Compressed Base Types
2.6 Caissons – Large Bored Piles
2.6.1 Brief History of Caissons
2.6.2 Machine Digging
2.6.3 Shell Method
2.6.4 Examining Caissons for Defects
2.6.5 Repairing Defective Caissons
2.6.6 Effect of Drilling Fluids on Bored Piles
2.6.7 Bored Pile (Caisson) Inspection in Soil
2.7 Precast Piles With Grouted Base
2.7.1 Construction Procedure
2.7.2 Capacity of Grouted Base Piles
2.7.3 Structural Capacity of Grouted Base Piles
2.8 Mandrel Driven Piles
2.9 Composite Piles
2.9.1 Pipe Pile/Timber Pile Composite
2.9.2 Precast Concrete Piles with H-Sections
2.9.3 Uncased Concrete and Timber Piles
2.10 Fiber Reinforced Plastic Piles
3.0 Pile Hammers: 50
3.1 Early History
3.2 Steam/Air Operated Pile Hammers
3.2.1 Single Acting Steam/Air Hammers
3.2.2 Double Acting Steam/Air Hammers
3.3 Diesel Hammers
3.3.1 Single Acting Diesel Hammers
3.3.2 Double Acting Diesel Hammers
3.3.3 Environmental Friendly Diesel Hammers
3.4 Hydraulic Hammers
3.5 Vibratory Hammers
3.5.1 Resonance Free Vibratory Pile Drivers
4.0 Pile Driving 62
4.2 Pile Driving – New York City Building Code
4.3 Maximum Allowable Pile Loads
5.0 Pile Inspection 68
5.2 Review of The Geotechnical Engineering report
5.3 Inspection of Piles Prior to Installation
5.4 Inspection of Pile Driving Equipment
5.5 Pile Driving Inspection Report
6.0 Driving Stresses 70
7.0 Water Jetting 72
7.1 Water Jet Types
7.2 Ideal Water Pathway
7.3 Water Requirement
8.0 Pile Driving Through Obstructions 76
8.1.1 Excavate and Remove
8.1.2 Specially Manufactured Piles
8.2.2 Auguring and Drilling
8.2.3 Toe Strengthening of Piles
9.0 Pile Heave and Re-Driving 78
9.1 Case Study
10.0 Soil Displacement During Pile Driving 80
11.0 Pile Integrity Testing 81
11.2 High Strain Methods (ASTM D 4945)
12.0 Use of Existing Piles 83
13.0 Environmental Issues 84
13.2 Wick Effect
14.0 Utilities 85
15.0 Cost Estimate for Pile Driving Projects 87
PILE DESIGN
16.0 Recommended
Guidelines for Pile Design 89
17.0 ASTM
Standards 91
18.0 Design
and Driving Stresses 92
19.0 Pile
Selection Guide 93
20.0 Allowable
Soil Bearing Pressures 95
21.0 Allowable
Rock Bearing Pressures 97
22.0 Skin
Friction and End Bearing Resistance 98
23.0 Uplift
Forces 100
24.0 Pile
Design – Finite Element Method 101
24.1 Boundary Element Method
25.0 Pile Design
in Sandy Soils (Equations) 104
26.0 Equations
for Skin Friction in Sandy Soils 106
26.1 Driven Piles
26.2 Bored Piles
27.0 Equations for End Bearing Capacity in Sandy Soils 108
28.0 Critical
Depth for Skin Friction (Sandy Soils) 109
29.0 Critical
Depth for End Bearing Capacity (Sandy Soils) 111
29.1 Parameters That Affect End Bearing Capacity
30.0 Pile
Design in Sandy Soils – Semi Empirical Method 113
31.0 Correlation
with Pile Load Test Data 114
32.0 Auger
Cast Pile Design in Sandy Soils (Empirical Method) 119
32.1 Auger Cast Pile Construction
32.2 Design Concepts
33.0 Open End
Pipe Piles (Semi Empirical Approach) 121
33.1 Plug Ratio
33.2 Incremental Filling Ratio (IFR)
33.3 Correlation Between Plug Ratio and IFR
33.4 End Bearing Capacity
33.5 Skin Friction
34.0 Vibratory
Hammers (Design of Piles) 124
34.1 Vibratory Hammer Properties
34.2 Ultimate Pile Capacity
35.0 Pile
Design in Sandy Soils (Dynamic Methods) 127
35.1 Engineering News Formula
35.2 Danish Formula
36.0 Pile
Design in Clay Soils 129
36.1 Shear Strength (Clays)
36.2 Pile Design in Clay Soils (Parameters)
36.3 Skin Friction in Clay Soils (Different Methods)
36.3.1 Equations Based on Undrained Shear Strength
36.3.2 Equations Based on Vertical Effective Stress
36.3.3 Equations Based on Vertical Effective Stress and Undrained Shear Strength
36.4 End Bearing Capacity in Clay Soils (Different Methods)
36.4.1 Driven Piles
36.4.2 Bored Piles
36.5 Pile Design in Clay Soils (Semi Empirical Method)
36.6 Bored Piles in Clay Soils
36.7 Large Bored Piles (Caissons)
37.0 Pile
Groups – Load on Individual Piles 144
37.1 Eccentric Loading on Pile Group
37.2 Double Eccentricity
38.0 Pile
Groups in Clay Soils 151
39.0 Pile
Settlement 154
39.2 Stiffness of Single Piles
39.3 Settlement of Single Piles (Semi Empirical Approach)
39.3.1 Settlement Due to Axial Deformation
39.3.2 Settlement at Pile Point
39.3.3 Settlement due to Skin Friction
39.4 Pile Group Settlement in Sandy Soils
39.5 Long Term Pile Group Settlement in Clay Soils
39.6 Long Term Pile Group Settlement in Clay Soils – Janbu Method
39.7 Pile Group Settlement in Sandy Soils – Janbu Method
39.8 Pile Group Settlement vs Single Pile Settlement
39.9 Pile Group Design (Capacity and Settlement)
39.10 Pile Settlement Comparison (End Bearing vs Floating)
39.11 Critical Depth for Settlement
40.0 Wave
Equation 180
40.2 Soil Strength Under Rapid Loading
40.3 Data Required For Wave Equation Analysis
41.0 Pin Piles 188
41.1 Pin Pile Design – Semi Empirical Approach
42.0 Bitumen
Coated Pile Design 194
42.2 Residual Stresses in Clay Soils
42.3 Computation of the Loading Inside a Pile
42.4 Neutral Plane Concept
42.5 Negative Skin Friction
42.6 Bitumen Coated Pile Design
42.7 Case Study – Bitumen Coated Piles
43.0 Lateral
Loading Analysis 213
43.1 Winkler Modulus for Piles
43.2 Lateral Loading Analysis – Simple Procedure
43.3 Lateral Loading Analysis – Computer Software
44.0 Case
Studies 219
44.1 Comparison Between Bored Piles and Driven Piles
44.2 Foundation Design Options
44.3 Pre Stressed Concrete Piles
44.4 Bridge Pile Design – Timber Piles
44.5 Friction Piles
45.0 Seismic
Pile Design 233
45.1 Short Course on Seismology
45.1.1 Richter Magnitude Scale
45.1.2 Peak Ground Acceleration
45.1.3 Seismic Waves
45.2 Seismic Pile Design
45.2.1 Kinematic Loads
45.2.2 Inertial Loads
45.3 Liquefaction Analysis
45.4 General Guidelines for Seismic Pile Design
46.0 Pile
Load Tests 253
46.1 Pile Load Test Procedure
46.2 Pile Load Tests Data Form
47.0 Batter
Piles 259
48.0
Pile
Design in Rock 271
48.1 Rock Coring and Logging
48.2 Oriented Rock Coring
48.3 Oriented Core Data
48.4 Rock Mass Classification
48.5 Q – System
48.6 Caisson Design in Rock
49.0 Underpinning 289
49.1 Underpinning - Introduction
49.2 Pier Underpinning
49.3 Jack Underpinning
49.4 Underpinning with Driven Piles
49.5 Mudjacking (Underpinning Concrete Slabs)
49.6 Underpinning (Case Study)
50.0 Offshore
Piling 301
51.0 Tie
Beams, Pile Caps, Design Drawing Preparation and As Built Drawings 306
51.1 Tie Beams and Grade Beams
51.2 Pile Cap Design
51.3 Design Drawing Preparation
51.4 As Built Plans
52.0 Soil
Mechanics Relationships 319
52.2 Young’s Modulus of Clay Soils
52.3 Shear Modulus
52.4 SPT-CPT Correlations